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World Heritage Sites in India

With the aim to restore and properly maintain the heritage (old) structures, properties of natural importance etc., UNESCO has designated a number of sites across the world as Heritage sites. An ancient land, India has a 5,000 years old history and has been ruled by various dynasties and rulers. Over the centuries the rulers had erected a number of interesting structures across the country. Today those rulers are no more, but the old structures provide a glimpse of the bygone era. For proper maintenance and promoting the sites, UNESCO has designated a number of sites as World Heritage Site. Besides, the places of cultural importance, UNESCO has listed a number of natural properties in heritage list. India has 27 World heritage sites which draw tourists from across the world.

Agra Fort (Agra, Uttar Pradesh - 1983) – Built by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century, the massive fort is located close to world famous Taj Mahal. Also known as the Red Fort of Agra, the fort houses a number of magnificent structures within its 2.5-km-long enclosure walls. Some of the important structures inside the fort are Jahangir Palace, Khas Mahal, Diwan-i-Khas and two very beautiful mosques.

Ajanta Caves (Aurangabad, Maharashtra - 1983) – Ajanta Caves, the first Buddhist cave monuments date from the 2nd and 1 st centuries B.C. However, with the time during the Gupta period ((5th and 6th centuries A.D.) and ahead many more richly decorated caves were added. The sculptures and painting at Ajanta are considered masterpieces of Buddhist religious art.

Ellora Caves (Aurangabad, Maharashtra - 1983) – Situated close to Ajanta caves, the Ellora complex is home to 34 monasteries and temples dedicated to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. With its series of monuments dating from 600 A.D to 1,000 A.D, Ellora Caves bring the civilization of ancient India to life. Ellora houses

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh – 1989) – The monasteries at situated 40 kms from Bhopal on a hill overlooking the plain. The site comprises of a group of Buddhist monuments (monolithic pillars, palaces, temples and monasteries) dating back to the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi is the oldest Buddhist site in existence and it was a major Buddhist centre in India until the 12th century A.D.

Champaner – Pavagadh Archaeological Park (Panchmahal, Gujarat - 2004) – The site is dotted with unexcavated archaeological, historic and living cultural heritage properties including prehistoric (chalcolithic) sites, a hill fortress of an early Hindu capital, and remains of the 16th-century capital of the state of Gujarat. The site also houses fortifications, palaces, religious buildings, residential precincts, agricultural structures and water installations, from the 8th to 14th centuries.

Churches and Convents of Goa (Old Goa - 1986) – Once the capital of the Portuguese, Old Goa is home to a number of churches and convents. The heritage sites include the Church of Bom Jesus, which contains the tomb of St Francis-Xavier – illustrate the evangelization of Asia.

Elehanta Caves (Kolaba, Maharashtra – 1987) – Set on an island close to Mumbai, the Elephant caves a fine collection of rock art linked to the cult of Shiva. At Elephanta caves the Indian art has found one of its most perfect expressions, which can be seen on the huge high reliefs in the main cave.

Fatehpur Sikri (Agra, Uttar Pradesh – 1986) – Fatehpur Sikri meaning the City of Victory was build during the second half of the 16th century by the Emperor Akbar. The town was the capital of the Mughal Empire for only some 10 years. The deserted town houses complex of monuments and temples, all in a uniform architectural style, including the Jama Masjid.

Great Living Chola Temples (South India, 1987) – Built by the great Chola rulers, the temples stretch all of South India and the neighbouring islands. The site includes three massive 11th- and 12th-century Temples including the Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.

Group of Monuments at Hampi (Bellary, Karnataka – 1986) - Hampi was the last capital of the last Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its princes built Dravidian temples and palaces which attracted travellers between the 14th and 16th centuries and still draw people from far and near.

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (Chingleput, Tamil Nadu - 1984) – Founded by the Pallava Kings, the monuments in the 7th and 8th centuries, this site is known especially for its rathas (chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs and the temple of Rivage, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.

Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (Bijapur, Karnataka - 1987) – Ruler by the Chalukyas in the 7th and 8th centuries, the monuments are known for architectural forms from northern and southern India. Here one can see an impressive series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary.

Humayun’s Tomb Delhi (1993) - Built in 1570, the tomb is of particular cultural significance as it was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent. In fact, the tomb later inspired several major architectural innovations, including the construction of the Taj Mahal.

Khajuraho group of monuments (Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh - 1986) – Constructed by Chandella rulers between 950 and 1050 A.D, the temples are known for their erotic sculptures. Originally there were around 86 temples, but now only 20 temples categorized into three distinct groups and belong to Hindus and Jains.

Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya (Bihar – 2002) – One of the four holy sites related to the Lord Buddha, the Mahabodhi temple complex houses temples and the tree where Buddha supposed to took enlightenment. Mahabodhi Temple Complex draws Buddhists from across the globe.

Mountain Railways of India (West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, 1999) – The heritage site includes the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in West Bengal state and Nigiri Mountain Railway in Tamil Nadu State. Built by the British, the railway passes through winding treks in mountains. Mountain railway was highly significant in facilitating population movement in the British colonial era and still today serve as a convenient mode of transport to hill stations.

Qutub Minar and its monuments (Delhi – 1993) - Built in the early 13th century, the Qutub Minar is 72.5 m high, tapering from 2.75 m in diameter at its peak to 14.32 m at its base. The tower is surrounded by structures of archaeological importance such as funerary buildings, notably the magnificent Alai-Darwaza Gate, the masterpiece of Indo-Muslim art (built in 1311), and two mosques, including the Quwwatu’l-Islam, built of materials reused from some 20 Brahman temples.

Red Fort Complex (Delhi – 2007) – Situated in the heart of Old Delhi, the Red Fort Complex was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, as the palace fort of Shahjahanabad. Named for its massive red sandstone enclosing walls, the fort is home to a number of magnificent structures including Diwan – I – Khas and Diwan – I – Aam.

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh – 1993) – Set in the foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains, the Rock Shelters are five clusters of natural rock shelters, displaying paintings that appear to date from the Mesolithic Period right through to the historical period. The cultural traditions of the inhabitants of the 21 villages adjacent to the site bear a strong resemblance to those represented in the rock paintings.

Sun Temple, Konark (Puri, Orissa, 1984) - Located on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, the Sun temple is a monumental representation of the sun god Surya’s chariot. Built in the 13th century, the sun temple is one of India’s most famous Brahman sanctuaries. Its 24 wheels are decorated with symbolic designs and it is led by a team of six horses.

Taj Mahal (Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 1983) – One of the seven wonders of the world, Taj Mahal is a picturesque mausoleum of white marble. Built in between 1631 and 1648 by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India.

Kaziranga National Park (Assam, 1985) – Situated in the heart of Assam, this park is one of the last areas in eastern India undisturbed by a human presence. Kaziranga is known for the world’s largest population of one-horned rhinoceroses, as well as many mammals, including tigers, elephants, panthers and bears, and thousands of birds.

Keoladeo Ghana National Park (Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 1985) – Once the duck-hunting reserve of the Rajput Maharajas, Keoladeo Ghana National Park is one of the major wintering areas for large numbers of aquatic birds. Here you can see some 364 species of birds, including the rare Siberian crane. The national park is also known as Bharatpur National Park.

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam, 1985) – One of the important wildlife parks of India, Manas Wildlife Sanctuary is known for the good population of one-horned rhinoceros. Manas sanctuary is also home to a great variety of wildlife, including many endangered species, such as the tiger, pygmy hog and Indian elephant.

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (Uttarakhand, 1988) - Nestled high in West Himalaya, in the state of Uttarkhand, Valley of Flowers National Park is noted for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and outstanding natural beauty. This park is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the Asiatic black bear, snow leopard, brown bear and blue sheep. Set amidst rugged mountain Nanda Devi National Park also provides shelter to a variety of floral and faunal species. Both these national parj together encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the Zanskar and Great Himalaya.

Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal, 1987) - World’s largest delta, the Sundarbans covers 10,000 kms of land and water (more than half of it in India, the rest in Bangladesh). Sunderbans is renowned for housing world’s largest area of mangrove forests. Here you can spot a number of rare or endangered species including tigers, aquatic mammals, birds and reptiles.

This article was written by Radhika Jain

About the Author:

Myself, a Delhi based writer, use to write on various topics. Whenever I got leisure time I use to some new destinations in India. Usually I express my personal experiences through words, that I will share with you all here. For more information about India and its tourist destination you can visit the site ITOPC”>http://www.itopc.org/\”

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Cork City is Ireland’s third city and has always been an important seaport. The River Lee river flows through Cork city in two main channels, some of the main streets are built over the channels. Visitors have been coming to this region for about 250 years.

It is a university city with a total student population in excess of 25,000. The city has two main third level education institutes Cork Institute of Technology and the University College Cork.

The city have colourful weekly markets through out the region, featuring local cheeses, freshly baked bread, and free range eggs directly from the farmer. Native honey and homemade jams are popular.

On South Main Street is the legendary Beamish and Crawford brewery. The South Side is dominated by the City Hall, from the steps of which President John F Kennedy gave a public address on his visit in 1963.

If you are looking for something different, head to the nearby pedestrians tangle of alley ways around Paul Street and Emmet Place. Here you will find antiques, paintings and curiosities. Legendary Cork guitarist Rory Gallagher is honoured with a statue in Paul Street.

The Cork Opera House is in its 150th year offers a world-class program of events across all disciplines in the performing arts. It is Corks premier venue and boasts a 1,000-seat auditorium.

The bell tower of St. Ann’s, Shandon, which dominates the sky line on the north side of the Lee with its golden salmon weathervane floating proudly over the city. There can be no better way to introduce your self to Cork than to ascend the tower and play the superb carillon of bells hanging there.

Blarney Castle Estate is where the famous Blarney Stone is kissed by many visitors each year, and tradition says that those who kiss the stone will receive the gift eloquence.

St. Finbarr is the founder and patron saint of Cork and he founded a monastery in the seventh century where St. Finn Barre’s Cathedral now stands. It is a splendid triple-spire example of French-gothic architecture. It stands where the saint established his monastic school in about 650 AD.

The Cork Butter Museum is a unique institution, celebrating one of the great success stories of Ireland, the butter trade. It can be found in the historic Shandon area of Cork city. The traditional craft of home butter making and the modern success of the Kerrygold brand.

This article was written by Douglas Scott

About the Author:

Douglas Scott writes and works for The Car Hire Specialist. and is a free lance writer for The Irish Villa Rental Site

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Stonehenge is arguably one of the most iconic places in the world. Not only does the site of this ancient stone circle conjure up images of mysticism and spiritualism, but as a tourist attraction it remains one of the must see sights while most people visit the United Kingdom. As simply a pile of rocks in a field it is surprising that so many people visit Stonehenge on a regular basis; it is not however that simple, the intricacies and sheer scale of the place amazes while the mystery that surrounds its creation is still a question that causes much debate amongst the historical community.

Stonehenge is an easy site to get to; its location in the scenically beautiful county of Wiltshire does not mean that Stonehenge should be your only destination while in the area. However thanks to a relatively close proximity to London, most who are visiting England and especially the capital can find time to head down the M3 motorway and see this fascinating piece of history. It takes around two hours to reach Stonehenge by car but for those who do not have their own means of transport, Stonehenge is still reachable thanks to bus services from central London.

As prehistoric sites go, Stonehenge is widely accepted to be one of the most important monuments anywhere in Britain. The current structure is in fact not the original layout and has been in existence since around three and a half thousand years BC. What wee see today is the evolution of a site that was in use for a further two thousand years at least. Originally Stonehenge would not have had the stones and was simply an earthwork monument, from these humble beginnings various stones were added in stages resulting in what we see today. In this time period there were even points when Stonehenge was not used, some of these periods being a thousand year or mores.

The most striking features of Stonehenge are the blue stones. Mystery still surrounds how these stones arrived at the site from the quarries of the Preseli Mountains in Wales. Current historians now surmise that the stones were placed onto rollers and rolled down to Milford Haven where they were loaded onto rafts and shipped up to the river Avon and then through a system of dragging and rafting, the stones reached their destination on the plains of Wiltshire, a journey of around two hundred and fifty miles.

The solstice is the time of year that sees the largest numbers of visitors to Stonehenge. This is mainly due to the way the stones are aligned with the sun on these two special days in the year, one in summer and one in winter. Today Stonehenge sees many people visit on these days to capture the magic of the place and to receive an indication of why the site was built. That said, not all past inhabitants had the same respect for the site as we have today, for centuries locals have removed stones for uses such as house and wall construction.

Currently Stonehenge is under the guardianship of English Heritage. Part of their work has been to preserve the site in order to secure it for future generations. For instance one of the major pieces of restoration enacted in Stonehenge was the restructuring of one of the stones with concrete in order that the lintel would not fall down. More recently English Heritage have made the decision to rope off the immediate vicinity of the circle, this is because over the years the large numbers of tourists have trampled the central area; so much so that it may in fact harm the site. As a result of this restorative and protective effort visitors are now no longer permitted access into the heart of the stone circle, although the views from the perimeter are equally striking.

Stonehenge remains one of the world’s most visited archaeological sites and still provides academic interest for historians. Being so accessible this is understandable, while using the site as the perfect starting point of an expedition to the beautiful West Country makes it not only a top tourist destination in its own right, but an important addition to any tour of England.

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Visiting castles in France can be exciting - with all the stories of ferocious battles and knights in shining armor. Some of the castles are even known to have a resident ghost.France has thousands of castles (around 1,000 in the southwest alone). A few of them have been used as stage sets for movies, such as Jeanne d Arc and Chocolat.

The castles in the Loire Valley are world-famous and a real tourist magnet; the Chateau de Chenonceau looks like it came straight out of a fairytale book, with its serene location on the river Cher.

So why are there so many castles in France? Castles served primarily as the residence of a nobleman who defended certain territories. They were places especially designed to protect the nobleman and citizens from any invading army, which is the reason why castles have drawbridges and battlements. Each castle was a fortress where the nobleman could control the surrounding territory.

One of the most spectacular castles in France would probably be the Chateau de Versailles. This castle was once just a village 10 miles from Paris, but today it is a suburb of the capital city. It has always been the center of power for the absolute monarchies. Noblemen from all the surrounding territories were required by Louis XIV to spend some of their time every year at Versailles, so that he could prevent regional power from developing.

Other french castles are perched defiantly on clifftops, dominating the countryside for miles around, such as Castlenaud and Beynac in the Dordogne region. East of Beynac is the french Chateau de Montfort. This castle has seen many wars throughout the past, burned down and rebuilt many times.

Gordes, in Provence, is also a highlight and popular tourist destination. The village homes are made of stone, in colours of honey and terracotta, with its medieval castle perched at the top. The relaxed and laid back atmosphere which prevails around the village, makes it easy to forget that Gordes has had a tumultuous history, having been besieged during the Wars of Religion.

Famous french castles are not the only things you’ll see. There are many villages that were built on hillsides, as fortresses during a battle, and have remained today. All of them with amazingly gorgeous surroundings - a standout being the Lot Valley, which covers 4 districts: Midi-Pyrenees, Acquitaine, Languedoc-Roussillon, and Auvergne.

Najac, for example, is a village that was built on a ridge - one reason for this was that it was much harder to fight when a soldier had to run uphill, and it was easier for the defending people to fight looking down on the enemy. The village still has the fortress and medieval style homes.

Penne is a beautiful picturesque village that is a must-see, built on the side of a lush green hill. The battlements are located at the top, with the beautiful medieval houses tumbling down below the battlements; the 12th century church makes you feel like you are stepping into the past.

This article was  written by Sarah Role

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Sarah Roles loves travelling and writing about France. She has published a website, www.france-travel-secrets.com which provides planning resources and travel tips for holiday makers.

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